The Electromagnetic Nature of Mass: Rethinking Fundamental Interactions

The Electromagnetic Nature of Mass: Rethinking Fundamental Interactions

(zenodo.org) Introduction Modern physics classifies fundamental interactions into four main forces: gravity, electromagnetism, the strong interaction, and the weak interaction. However, recent studies and hypotheses suggest that electromagnetic waves  may play a more fundamental role in the structure of matter than previously assumed. This work presents an alternative perspective on the nature of mass and charge through the lens of electromagnetic processes, supported by mathematical derivations. 1. Mass as a Manifestation of Electromagnetic Wave Energy According to Einstein’s mass-energy equivalence principle:     E = mc² mass is a form of energy. However, the question remains as to how this energy is structured.     If an elementary particle is considered not as a point object but as a complex lectromagnetic wave confined within a spherical or toroidal structure, its mass may result from the energy contained in this form. Mass can also be examined in the relativistic limit through the energy of a photon:     E = hc / λ and expressed as a function of wavelength at the speed of...
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Rest Mass as a Function of Wavelength in the Speed of Light Limit

Rest Mass as a Function of Wavelength in the Speed of Light Limit

(zenodo.org) Introduction In standard physics, rest mass and energy are related by Einstein’s well-known equation E = mc². However, if we consider an object at the speed of light limit and in a relative state of rest, an interesting dependence of rest mass on the ratio of energies and wavelength can be derived. Derivation of the Formula Consider an object that, when moving at the speed of light, has energy E₁ and wavelength λ₁, while in its rest state, its energy is E₂. In this case, the rest mass of the object is expressed as:      where:- E₂ is the energy of the object at rest, - E₁ is the energy at the speed of light, - λ₁ is the object's wavelength when moving at the speed of light, - h is Planck’s constant, - c is the speed of light. Physical Meaning This formula shows that the rest mass directly depends on: - The ratio of energies: If an object loses energy when transitioning from the speed of light to rest,...
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