(zenodo.org)

Introduction

Modern physics classifies fundamental interactions into four main forces: gravity, electromagnetism, the strong interaction, and the weak interaction. However, recent studies and hypotheses suggest that electromagnetic waves  may play a more fundamental role in the structure of matter than previously assumed. This work presents an alternative perspective on the nature of mass and charge through the lens of electromagnetic processes, supported by mathematical derivations.

1. Mass as a Manifestation of Electromagnetic Wave Energy

According to Einstein’s mass-energy equivalence principle:

    E = mc²

mass is a form of energy. However, the question remains as to how this energy is structured.     If an elementary particle is considered not as a point object but as a complex lectromagnetic wave confined within a spherical or toroidal structure, its mass may result from the energy contained in this form.

Mass can also be examined in the relativistic limit through the energy of a photon:

    E = hc / λ

and expressed as a function of wavelength at the speed of light. Considering the ratio of a particle’s total energy when moving at the speed of light to its rest energy:

    E_c/E₀ = mc² / m₀c²

 Since the energy of a particle at the speed of light can be written as E_c = hc / λ_c and rest energy as E₀ = m₀c², we obtain:

    (hc / λ_c) / (m₀ c²) = m / m₀

Solving for the rest mass in terms of wavelength:

    m₀ = h / (λ_max c)

where λmax is the maximum wavelength corresponding to the minimum energy at which rest mass is preserved.

2. Charge as Energy Density in Space

Electric charge is traditionally considered a fundamental property of particles, but if viewed in terms of spatial energy density, different charge types could arise from varying electromagnetic field structures. For example, positive and negative charges may be manifestations of different wave rotations or polarizations within the particle. Coulomb’s law can be reformulated in terms of energy density gradients:

F = (1/4πε₀) * (q₁ q₂/r²)

which can be interpreted as an interaction resulting from energy density gradients in space.

3. Quantum Entanglement and Center of Mass Shift

One of the paradoxes of quantum mechanics is the instantaneous correlation between entangled particles. If particles are considered as electromagnetic wave structures, entanglement might be related to the shift of their centers of mass as they separate. In this case, the concept of distance loses meaning in the conventional sense, and interactions occur instantaneously through changes in the wave structure itself.

4. Gravity as a Gradient of Energy Density in Space

Gravity remains a mystery within the framework of quantum mechanics. If mass is a form of electromagnetic field energy, gravity could be interpreted as a gradient in the density of this energy in space. Newton’s equation can then be rewritten in terms of energy density:

    F = — ∇U

where U represents the density of electromagnetic energy associated with the particle.

5. Black Hole Jets as Evidence for the Hypothesis

Astrophysical observations indicate that jets emitted from black holes are governed by electromagnetic processes controlled by spiral fields. This could serve as evidence that even under extreme gravitational conditions, the primary interaction mechanism remains the electromagnetic field. If matter within black holes is organized according to   electromagnetic principles, this could provide insight into their nature and the overall structure of the universe.

6. Potential Technological Applications

If mass is indeed a form of electromagnetic energy, this opens up possibilities for new technologies related to mass and energy manipulation. For example, it might be possible to develop devices that alter an object’s mass by modifying its internal electromagnetic properties. This concept could also lead to new energy generation methods based on electromagnetic conversion principles.

Conclusion

The proposed perspective on mass and charge as electromagnetic phenomena offers a potential unification of fundamental forces and a reevaluation of interactions in nature. The inclusion of mathematical derivations provides a connection between the hypothesis and established physics equations, paving the way for further theoretical and experimental research.

This approach offers a new perspective on the nature of mass and its relationship to electromagnetic processes. A more detailed discussion of this hypothesis and its philosophical implications can be found in the following works:

— (Dzen)

— (Zenodo)