(zenodo.org) Introduction Modern physics classifies fundamental interactions into four main forces: gravity, electromagnetism, the strong interaction, and the weak interaction. However, recent studies and hypotheses suggest that electromagnetic waves  may play a more fundamental role in the structure of matter than previously assumed. This work presents an alternative perspective on the nature of mass and charge through the lens of electromagnetic processes, supported by mathematical derivations. 1. Mass as a Manifestation of Electromagnetic Wave Energy According to Einstein’s mass-energy equivalence principle:     E = mc² mass is a form of energy. However, the question remains as to how this energy is structured.     If an elementary particle is considered not as a point object but as a complex lectromagnetic wave confined within a spherical or toroidal structure, its mass may result from the energy contained in this form. Mass can also be examined in the relativistic limit through the energy of a photon:     E = hc / λ and expressed as a function of wavelength at the speed of...