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(zenodo.org)

Introduction

This paper explores the hypothesis that the mass of elementary particles is a consequence of variations in energy density within space. This approach provides a new perspective on fundamental interactions, explains anomalies related to dark matter and dark energy, addresses Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, and offers an alternative to the concepts of space-time curvature and the Higgs field.

1. Mass as a Consequence of Energy Density

In classical physics, mass is considered a fundamental property of matter. However, if mass is assumed to be a manifestation of energy density, its origin can be explained without invoking the Higgs field. In this case, the mass of charged particles results from uniform changes in energy density, whereas neutral particles may exhibit vortex-like variations in energy density.

1.1. Relationship Between Mass and Wavelength

Consider the behavior of mass at the speed of light limit. There is a direct dependence between wavelength and mass. If this dependence is fundamental, then variations in energy density in space determine the inertial properties of particles.

Using the relativistic expression for energy: E = mc2 and Planck’s equation for photon energy: E = hc / λ

Equating these expressions: mc2 = hc / λ

Solving for mass: m = h / (λc)

This equation demonstrates that particle mass is related to its wavelength. Mass can also be expressed in terms of the ratio of energies at rest and at the speed of light. Let E1 be the rest energy and E2 the energy at the speed of light. Then: m = (h / (cλ2)) x (E1/E2)

Here we are left with a dimensionless quantity from energy, and are left with the expression of mass only through Planck’s constant, the speed of light, and wavelength. This reinforces the realisation that mass is a consequence of energy density rather than an independent characteristic of matter.

2. Dark Matter and Dark Energy as Manifestations of Energy Density

Dark matter and dark energy are among the most enigmatic problems in modern physics. If the universe is viewed through the lens of energy density distribution, dark matter can be seen as a result of non-uniform energy density distribution across different dimensions. This explains anomalies in galactic motion and the cosmic microwave background radiation as a potential effect of energy redistribution near black holes.

3. Fundamental Interactions Through Energy Density Variations

If mass results from energy density, fundamental interactions can also be explained through this parameter:

  • Gravity as an energy density gradient on galactic and cosmic scales.
  • Electromagnetic interaction as the uniform distribution of energy within charged particles.
  • Strong interaction as the confinement of energy density within a limited volume.
  • Weak interaction as a process of energy density redistribution, explaining radioactive decay.

4. Alternative View on Space Curvature

If the universe is described through energy density, the concept of space curvature can be replaced by the notion of an energy density gradient. This removes the necessity for four-dimensional geometry, making the model more intuitive and applicable across different scales.

5. Explanation of Quantum Effects Through Energy Density

Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle can be interpreted as a consequence of energy density fluctuations at small scales. In this case, a particle can be described either as a point-like object with a wave function or as a wave with internal structure, explaining both energy quantization and the connection between quantum mechanics and relativity.

6. Fractality of the Universe and Matter Formation

Spiral galaxies exhibit a structure that may reflect the fractal nature of energy density distribution. This suggests that the same laws apply across different scales, including matter-antimatter creation processes through acceleration and deceleration.

7. Conclusions and Prospects

The proposed approach explains several physical anomalies, challenges certain traditional concepts, and offers a new perspective on fundamental interactions.

It has been demonstrated that rest mass can be expressed in terms of wavelength at the speed of light, confirming the hypothesis that mass is related to energy density. Additionally, an expression for mass through the ratio of energies was presented, eliminating energy as an explicit factor and leaving only wavelength, Planck’s constant, and the speed of light. This strengthens the understanding that mass is derived from energy density rather than being a fundamental characteristic.

If mass is indeed a consequence of energy density variations, this can explain the emergence of dark matter, dark energy, and the four fundamental interactions. It also accounts for mass variations in neutral particles regardless of their velocity, eliminating the need for space curvature. Furthermore, this approach provides explanations for Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, energy quantization, and the differing applicability of quantum mechanics and relativity. Future developments of this hypothesis may lead to new experimental verifications and a more comprehensive view of the universe.

This approach offers a new perspective on the nature of mass and its relationship to electromagnetic processes. A more detailed discussion of this hypothesis and its philosophical implications can be found in the following works:

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