Mathematical model of the structure of elementary particles in space

Mathematical model of the structure of elementary particles in space

(zenodo.org) Mail.ru Correction dated 2025.06.20 An unfortunate error was discovered in the size scaling formula; however, a solution has been found which still leads to the desired result when scaling the size. Appendix 8, therefore, remains unchanged. The postulates have been slightly amended (specifically 3.3). The calculation in Appendix 8 for the scaling of the interaction speed has been corrected. Annotation This paper presents a theoretical model describing matter, fundamental interactions and the structure of the Universe on the basis of unified wave principles and the concept of fractality. The paper aims to overcome the fragmentation of modern physical theories by offering an alternative approach to explain the nature of mass, electric charge, gravitation and the origin of fundamental constants. The model is based on the idea that elementary particles are stable standing waves formed in Euclidean space, considered as an energy-rich medium. Interactions between particles and formation of all fundamental forces are interpreted as a result of resonance processes in this medium. The existence of...
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Standing waves of energy density and particle structure

Standing waves of energy density and particle structure

(zenodo.org) Introduction Modern physics describes elementary particles as point objects or perturbations of quantum fields, but another interpretation is possible. This chapter considers the hypothesis that particles are standing waves of energy density and their properties can be explained through de Broglie waves. We will also consider how particle birth can be explained within this model and why the law of conservation of energy leads to the symmetry of matter and antimatter. Standing waves of energy density and particles To date, science does not describe the origin of electric charge. What is its nature? Why is its value constant for elementary particles? Charge does not change its sign or its value regardless of the environment. Why does the mass of a body change when the speed of motion changes, but nothing happens to the charge? What is this parameter - charge? It is known that: 1/c = αћ/e² where e is the charge of the electron, ћ is the reduced Planck constant, c is the speed of light. One constant is expressed...
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Energy of a particle as a closed wave structure and the law of conservation of energy

Energy of a particle as a closed wave structure and the law of conservation of energy

(zenodo.org) Introduction Modern physics considers elementary particles as objects possessing both corpuscular and wave properties. In relativistic mechanics the energy of a particle is defined by the expression: This formula shows that the energy of the particle grows with increasing momentum. However, if the particle is a closed wave structure of an electromagnetic wave and a standing wave in space created by the propagation of the electromagnetic wave, then its energy must be conserved within the system. This leads to an important question: how does a change in velocity affect the internal structure of the wave? De Broglie wavelength and energy redistribution According to de Broglie's hypothesis, a moving particle possesses an associated wave with length: where is Planck's constant, a is momentum. An increase in velocity leads to an increase in momentum, and hence to a reduction in wavelength. This means that when a particle accelerates, its wave structure shrinks, changing the distribution of energy within the system itself. Particle as a closed object If a particle...
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Longitudinal Energy Waves in the Propagation Mechanism of Electromagnetic Waves

Longitudinal Energy Waves in the Propagation Mechanism of Electromagnetic Waves

(zenodo.org) Introduction Electromagnetic waves are typically regarded as transverse, propagating without the need for a medium. However, their finite speed of propagation raises a fundamental question: what happens to energy in space during wave propagation? If energy cannot change instantaneously, then at some point in space, an energy gradient must form. If this is true, then it is logical to assume that electromagnetic waves generate not only transverse but also longitudinal energy oscillations. Energy Gradient and Its Consequences When an electromagnetic wave leaves its source, it alters the energy density in the surrounding space. As the wave propagates, the energy at the source returns to its original value, but at a distance R, the energy remains altered. This means that between these two points, an energy gradient exists, which can propagate as a longitudinal wave. Classical physics does not account for such a phenomenon, but that does not mean it does not exist. Instead, its effects might be too subtle to detect directly. Put differently,...
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Theory of wave model of matter and fractal structure of the Universe

Theory of wave model of matter and fractal structure of the Universe

(zenodo.org) Mail.ru Correction dated 2025.06.20 An unfortunate error was discovered in the size scaling formula; however, a solution has been found which still leads to the desired result when scaling the size. Appendix 8, therefore, remains unchanged. The postulates have been slightly amended (specifically 3.3). The calculation in Appendix 8 for the scaling of the interaction speed has been corrected. Annotation This paper presents a theoretical model describing matter, fundamental interactions and the structure of the Universe on the basis of unified wave principles and the concept of fractality. The paper aims to overcome the fragmentation of modern physical theories by offering an alternative approach to explain the nature of mass, electric charge, gravitation and the origin of fundamental constants. The model is based on the idea that elementary particles are stable standing waves formed in Euclidean space, considered as an energy-rich medium. Interactions between particles and formation of all fundamental forces are interpreted as a result of resonance processes in this medium. The existence of...
Read More