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According to the special theory of relativity (STR), the speed of light in a vacuum is the same for all observers, regardless of their motion. This means:

• If one observer is travelling at some speed and the other remains at rest, they will both measure the speed of light as c, regardless of their states of motion.
• Even if the object is flying towards or away from the light, the light will still have a velocity c relative to it.

For classical mechanics such an effect could arise if objects have a wave structure and the speed of propagation of these waves would be equal to the speed of light. In this case the propagation speed would be bound to the notion of some medium. There were earlier attempts to link this medium to the ether. The Michelson-Morley experiment showed that there was no ether. But let’s look at it in more detail.

Michelson and Morley used an interferometer, a device that measures the difference in the speed of light in different directions.

1. The interferometer consists of:
   • Light source.
   • A translucent mirror that divides a beam of light into two perpendicular rays.
   • Two mirrors that reflect the rays back.
   • The screen on which the interference pattern is created.
2. The idea of experience:
   • If the Earth is moving through the ether, then a beam of light travelling along the motion of the Earth must move faster or slower compared to a beam that is travelling perpendicular to the motion of the Earth.
   • This should cause a change in the interference pattern because the phase difference between the rays will change.

Result

To the surprise of the scientists, no changes in the interference pattern were observed! This meant that the speed of light is the same in all directions, regardless of the Earth’s motion.

And now let’s reason a little bit from the other side. Photons and all elementary particles can be just waves of some medium. In such a case the motion of waves will not cause any apparent displacement of the medium. It may cause a wave larger than the elementary particles themselves. Therefore, the concept of wind cannot exist. It is important to realise that if we ourselves, like photons, are waves in this medium, we have no external reference point to record its motion. Even if the ‘medium’ is moving, the wave, being its form, cannot detect it — like a fish in water does not notice the current if it swims along with it. Therefore, the effect of the ‘etheric wind’ simply cannot manifest itself. In that case this experience merely confirms that everything around is just waves of some medium. It is not suggested here to return to the hypothetical concept of ether. It is suggested to consider in this respect the well-known concept of energy. It is no secret that the same gravitational force gradually decreases with distance from the object. Thus, gravitation can be not just a force of attraction, but a manifestation of change of energy density in space. If so, gravitational effects can be explained through redistribution of energy density rather than through curvature of space.

It is important to note that no return to the ether in the classical sense is proposed here. Instead, the concept of energy is considered as the basic physical substance within which all known particles and fields are formed. Energy is not carried by the medium, but creates the structure of space itself.

The classical interpretation of the Michelson–Morley experiment aimed to detect the Earth’s motion relative to the hypothetical ether — a medium through which light was thought to propagate. It was expected that, if such a medium existed, there would be a measurable difference in the speed of light depending on the direction of Earth’s motion. However, the experiment produced a «null result» — no evidence of an «ether wind» was found.

This led to a crisis in the prevailing view of the ether as a physical medium, and ultimately to the development of the Special Theory of Relativity, which discarded the necessity of the ether altogether.

However, if we consider that everything in the universe — matter, the observer, instruments, and light itself — is a manifestation of wave-like processes within the structure of space, then the very notion of the medium’s motion loses its meaning. If the medium is the entirety of existence, there is no external frame against which its motion could be detected.

Even if this structure were moving, we — being part of it — could not observe that motion, because our measuring rods, clocks, and even light itself would follow the same internal laws. Everything would be “floating” together, and no internal relative difference would arise.

This suggests that the null result of the Michelson–Morley experiment does not disprove the existence of a medium in which waves propagate, but rather indicates that we cannot observe the absolute motion of such a medium if we ourselves are made from it.

This line of thinking invites a redefinition of what is meant by “medium”: if a wave is not a disturbance within a medium, but the very form of existence of an object, then the experiment does not rule out the medium — it merely shows that it cannot be detected in the classical sense.

This is a crucial distinction that often goes unnoticed:

If all things are waves, then the motion of the medium cannot be detected, because nothing exists outside of it.

Conclusion

The Michelson-Morley experiment does not prove the absence of medium, but only shows that the Earth does not create etheric wind because it itself consists of waves. If elementary particles are waves and matter is their aggregate, then all matter is a wave structure.

That means:

• The speed of light remains the same because it is a wave, and waves are independent of the motion of their source.
• No aether is needed because space already contains an energy structure that behaves like a wave medium.
• Gravity and energy create a spatial wave rather than transporting matter, which explains why light propagates the same in all directions.

Thus, the theory of relativity confirms not the absence of medium, but the wave nature of all matter, in which light and elementary particles simply follow the laws of wave propagation.

Why is this so important?

1. Changing the understanding of space
   • Instead of an empty vacuum, we get a structured space where waves exist not in the medium, but in the space itself.
   • This removes the contradiction between quantum mechanics and relativity.
2. Explains the constancy of the speed of light
   • In classical physics, it was impossible to understand why the speed of light is always c.
   • Now this makes sense: everything is a wave, and the speed of light is a fundamental property of the wave structure of space.
3. Creates a new way of looking at mass and gravity
   • If particles are waves, then mass and gravity are also wave effects.
   • This could explain what dark matter and energy are if they are the result of the wave behaviour of space.
4. Confirms relativistic physics, but without the aether
   • We do not go back to the ether, but show that space already contains the wave structure of energy.
   • This is completely consistent with STO, but gives a new interpretation.

Possible objections

1️ Difference between this approach and ether

Proposal:
«It is important to emphasise that in this model space is not a static medium, but a dynamic energy density structure. In contrast to the classical ether, it does not create resistance to the motion of objects, but is itself formed by wave processes».

2 STO does not require the wave nature of particles

Counterargument: The Special Theory of Relativity (STR) works without the assumption that particles are waves. It explains why the speed of light remains constant using Lorentz transformations rather than wave effects.

Answer: But that said, STO doesn’t explain why the speed of light should be limiting, and this model gives it a physical meaning — light and particles are already waves, and so their speed is simply limited by the properties of space.

3 Why then do other waves behave differently?

Counterargument: Water and air are also media where waves propagate, but there the velocities add up (e.g. sound is faster in moving air). Why is light an exception?

Answer: Electromagnetic waves are independent of the medium because the medium itself is energy, not matter. Light does not need to carry matter, only energy transfer through the structure of space.

4 If everything is a wave, why do particles behave like objects?

Counterargument: We see particles in experiments, measure their trajectories, collide them in accelerators. How can a wave behave as if it were an object?

Answer: The fact that energy is transmitted in portions (quanta) may be a natural consequence of the fact that matter waves have a standing structure. If a particle is a standing wave, then it cannot change its state smoothly, but only move between discrete steady states. This explains why in quantum mechanics energy does not change continuously, but only discontinuously.

5 Why then does quantum mechanics not take this effect into account?

Counterargument: In quantum physics, mass is considered fixed, although photons have zero mass. If mass really changes with acceleration, it would have to show up in experiments.

Answer: gravitational redshift may be direct evidence that mass is changing.

How is gravitational displacement related to the change in mass?

In classical physics, gravity is said to change the frequency of a photon as it leaves the gravitational pit.

In this approach, it turns out that it is not just the frequency that changes, but the structure of the wave itself, and this is equivalent to a change in mass.

Gravitational redshift formula

According to the general theory of relativity (GTR), the change in frequency of a photon when it leaves the gravitational field is described as:

Where:

• ν′ is the modified frequency,
• ν is the initial frequency,
• G is the gravitational constant,
• M is the mass of the body,
• r is the radius from which the photon is emitted.

But if a photon is a wave structure, then its mass must depend on the same relationship:

That is, the photon does not just lose frequency — it loses mass equivalent! It has long been known that the higher the frequency of a photon, the higher the mass equivalent. Gravitational redshift is a proof of mass loss when travelling with acceleration.

It is interesting that the energy loss by a photon is similar to the way ordinary particles lose mass at acceleration in relativistic physics. It can mean that the photon in some sense is a limiting case of a particle at which all mass has already «passed» into velocity.

What does that explain?

Gravitational redshift is not just a «stretching» of the wave, but a change in its mass.
In such a case mass does change with energy change, but it is not seen in experiments with particles, because they are accelerated differently. GR remains true, but gets a new explanation through the change of wave structure of energy.

Thus, gravitational redshift is actually experimental evidence that the mass of a photon varies!

If all matter is wave structures, it means that the laws governing elementary particles can be repeated on different scales. This regularity can explain the fractal structure of the Universe….

If everything in the Universe is built according to the same laws, then not only the microcosm but also the macrocosm must obey the same principles. Perhaps galaxies are just scaled versions of elementary particles…..

Theory of frequency, energy density and fractal structure of the Universe

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Theory of frequency, energy density and fractal structure of the Universe

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